Allied Command Europe Highband, better known as ACE High, was a

fixed service In telecommunications, a fixed service (or fixed radiocommunication service) is a radiocommunication service between specified fixed points. Classification The ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classify variations of this radiocommunication servi ...

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

radiocommunication Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ...

and

early warning An early warning system is a warning system that can be implemented as a Poset, chain of information communication systems and comprises sensors, Detection theory, event detection and decision support system, decision subsystems for early identi ...

system dating back to 1956. After extensive testing ACE High was accepted by NATO to become operational in 1964/1965. The frequency supportability and

frequency assignment Frequency assignment is the authorization of use of a particular radio frequency. In Article 1.18 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR),ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Artic ...

s were profited in accordance with the

NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement __NOTOC__ NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA) and is the universal NATO common civil/military treaty to regulate the military access to the radio frequency spectrum in the range of 14 kHz to 100 GHz in peacetime, during ...

(NJFA). The system was designed to be a combined

UHF Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (on ...

troposcatter Tropospheric scatter, also known as troposcatter, is a method of communicating with microwave radio signals over considerable distances – often up to and further depending on frequency of operation, equipment type, terrain, and climate facto ...

microwave Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz respectively. Different sources define different frequency ran ...

radio system, providing long-range communications in the form of

telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into e ...

telegraph Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...

and data traffic in the NATO

chain of command A command hierarchy is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within the group. It can be viewed as part of a power structure, in which it is usually seen as the most vulnerable and also the most powerful part. Milit ...

. Its combined services produced over 200 channels and equipment was in place to multiplex them to contain up to 12 different calls each. There used to be 49 troposcatter links augmented by 40 ''Line Of Sight'' Microwave terrestrial stations, located in nine different NATO countries from northern

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

through central Europe to eastern

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

. The transmitters broadcast at 832.56 - 959.28 MHz producing an average transmitting power of 10

kilowatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. The watt is named after James Wa ...

History

had been established in 1949 with then a supreme command (SHAPE) near

Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, u ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

, and the regional headquarters (RHQ)

Allied Forces Northern Europe Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) was the northern Major Subordinate Command of NATO's Allied Command Europe (ACE), located at Kolsås outside Oslo. In the case of war with the Soviet Union, AFNORTH would assume supreme command of all Allie ...

(AFNORTH) at

Kolsås Kolsås (), sometimes called Kolsaas, is a hill in the municipality of Bærum, Norway. Geologically, Kolsås belongs to the Oslo Graben area. Its two peaks consist of hard rhomb porphyric lava covering softer rocks, forming steep cliffs to the ...

(responsible for Denmark, Norway and the UK),

Allied Forces Central Europe Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum (JFCBS) is a NATO command with its headquarters at Brunssum, the Netherlands. It was established in 2004 from previous commands as part of NATO's continuing command structure reductions in the face of a then-dim ...

(AFCENT) at

Laffaux Laffaux () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population See also *Communes of the Aisne department The following is a list of the 799 Communes of France, communes in the French Departments of Fr ...

(responsible for Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) and

Allied Forces Southern Europe Allied Joint Force Command Naples (JFC Naples) is a NATO military command based in Lago Patria, in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy. It was activated on 15 March 2004, after effectively redesigning its predecessor command, Allied Forces Sou ...

(AFSOUTH) at

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

(responsible for Italy, Greece and Turkey). Supreme command, the three RHQ's and all subordinated units used various communication systems to establish contact:

high frequency High frequency (HF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) between 3 and 30 megahertz (MHz). It is also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as its wavelengths range from one to ten ...

radio networks,

VHF Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF ...

beaming transmitters and civil or military landlines. All systems had their weakness in equipment reliability; in the maximum amount of data transferred; in encryption possibilities and in unauthorized data interception. So in the early 1950s there existed an urgent need for a reliable, foolproof long distance European communications network. US developed tropospheric diffusion techniques, integrated in a new military communications network appeared to be the solution and in 1956 STC, a planning, design, engineering and installation company had been ordered to develop a new integrated communications network in Europe. This network consisted of a number of "backbone" stations covering the distance from the north of Norway to the south of Turkey and was initially called the "Over the Horizon Troposperic scatter Communications Net" but was renamed "Allied Command Europe - Highband" (ACE-High). The network would be kept operational until the 1990s as all frequencies then had to be released to the civilian authorities. After all components had been installed on their locations by

Marconi Electronic Systems Marconi Electronic Systems (MES), or GEC-Marconi as it was until 1998, was the defence arm of General Electric Company (GEC). It was demerged from GEC and bought by British Aerospace (BAe) on 30 November 1999 to form BAE Systems. GEC then renam ...

UK, (from 1968 part of

General Electric Company The General Electric Company (GEC) was a major British industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering. The company was founded in 1886, was Britain's largest private employer with over 250 ...

), in 1961 the ACE-High system had officially been transferred to NATO. In 1966 however France, under president

Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...

, left NATO and systems had to be rerouted from France to

Brunssum Brunssum (; li, Broensem) is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. The municipality of Brunssum has residents as of . Brunssum was a center of coal mining until 1973. Population centres Topography Histor ...

The Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

while the former Primary Control Center at

Beauvais Beauvais ( , ; pcd, Bieuvais) is a city and commune in northern France, and prefecture of the Oise département, in the Hauts-de-France region, north of Paris. The commune of Beauvais had a population of 56,020 , making it the most populous ...

, was relocated to

Lamersdorf Inden is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Inde, approx. 10 km north-west of Düren. In the area around Inden lignite is extracted in open-pit mines Op ...

West-Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...

. In the early 1970s, the first geostationary satellites in the "Satellite Communication" network (SATCOM) had been activated thus expanding the ACE-High system. The rise of the military ''SATCOM I-III'' (1971-1994), ''SATCOM IV'' (1995-now) network satellites, Internet routers, and the Central Region Integrated Communication System (CRICS) and the

Crisis Response Operations in NATO Operating Systems A crisis ( : crises; : critical) is either any event or period that will (or might) lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affair ...

(CRONOS) made ACE High obsolete. By the end of the 1980s, its replacement was already available but NATO postponed the ACE High phasing-out until 1995. In 1995, the first British NATO SATCOM IV/B satellites had been activated and because the ACE-High frequencies had to be released for civil TV and mobile phone usage NATO decided to deactivate ACE-High in 1996, and the 800 MHz band frequencies became available for civilian use again.

ACE High sites

The ACE High network included the following major sites and terminals, but also connected Line of Sight (LOS) microwave links to other networks reaching C2 centres not listed here. ; AFNORTH-Norway *(NC- Senja) > NSEZ Pos 69°19'44"N 17°29'49"E TX RX Equipment:1 Scatter Line + 2 Radio Line *(nca - Höggumpen) > NHGZ Pos 69°04'41"N 18°00'16"E 502 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line *(ND- Bodö) > NKLZ Pos 67°10'23"N 15°01'24"E 801 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line *(nda - Bodoe Tail - Kletkov) > NVAZ Pos unbekannt TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line *(NE - Mosjöen) > NMOZ Pos 65°52'41"N 13°18'11"E 627 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line *(NF - Trondheim) > NSBZ Pos 63°18′41″N 10°56′17"E 677 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line *(nfa - Trondheim Tail - Graakallen) Pos 63°25'15"N 10°15'06"E 543 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line *(NG - Oslo AAA) > NSOZ Pos 60°03'34"N 11°16'09"E 246 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line *(Oslo YYY - Svartas) > NVAZ Pos 68°18'3"N 14°14'16"E TX RX Equipment:3 Radio Line *(nga - Oslo Tail 01 - Kolsaas) > NKOZ Pos 59°55'7"N 10°30'58"E TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line *(ngb - Oslo Tail 02 - Maakeroy) > NVEZ Pos 59°09'22"N 10°26'19"E 14 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line *(NH - Grimstad - Stormyrheia/hørte) > NSMZ Pos 58°27'19"N 08°27'43"E 326 m TX Rx Equipment:3 Scatter Line *(NJ - Sola - Lysenut) > NLYZ Pos 59°31'40"N 05°54'12"E 792 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line ; AFNORTH-Denmark *(DA - Karup - Torphøj) > DTOZ Pos 55°52'28"N 09°21'00"E 135 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line *(daa - Karup Tail - Lundbakke) > DLUZ Pos 56°13'49"N 09°09'48"E 68 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line ;AFNORTH-United Kingdom *(EAA - Faroes - Sandfelli 2) *(EA -

Shetlands Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland, is a subarctic archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands and Norway. It is the northernmost region of the United Kingdom. The islands lie about to the no ...

- Mossy Hill) > UMSZ - Mossy Hill > 59°57'17.15"N 01°18'11.60"W 227 m AMSL *(eab - Shetlands Tail Relay - Collofirth Hill) > UCOZ - Collafirth Hill > 60°32'00.75"N 01°23'28.30"W 239 m AMSL *(eac - Shetlands Tail - Saxa Vord) USVZ - Saxa Vord 60°49'37.20"N 00°50'22.59"W 276 m AMSL *(EB -

Aberdeen Aberdeen (; sco, Aiberdeen ; gd, Obar Dheathain ; la, Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and ...

- Mormond Hill) > UMOZ - Mormond Hill 57°36'11.19"N 02°01'51.86"W 227 m AMSL *(eba - Aberdeen Tail - Long Haven Hill) > UBUZ - Long Haven Hill 57°27'31.94"N 1°48'46.07"W 95 m AMSL *(EC - Boulmer - Brizlee Wood) > UBOZ - Brizlee Wood 55°25'05.28"N 1°46'04.26"W 250 m AMSL *(ED -

Binbrook Binbrook is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the B1203 road, and north-east from Market Rasen. Previously a larger market town,Cox, J. Charles (1916) ''Lincolnshire'' pp. 64- ...

- Stenigot) > UBIZ - Stenigot 53°19'36.08"N 00°06'57.44"E 153 m AMSL *(EE - London - Coldblow Lane) > UMAZ - Coldblow Lane 51°17'44.95"N 00°36'51.52"E 194 m AMSL *(eeb - London Tail Relay - Woldingham - RAF Botley Hill Farm) *(eea - London tail -

Hillingdon Hillingdon is an area of Uxbridge within the London Borough of Hillingdon, centred 14.2 miles (22.8 km) west of Charing Cross. It was an ancient parish in Middlesex that included the market town of Uxbridge. During the 1920s the civil pari ...

) *

RAF Uxbridge RAF Uxbridge was a Royal Air Force (RAF) station in Uxbridge, within the London Borough of Hillingdon, occupying a site that originally belonged to the Hillingdon House estate. The British Government purchased the estate in 1915, three years ...

– local terminus ;AFCENT-France * (FAN - Paris - Mont Florentin) FFLZ - Paris North 49°20'27.59"N 02°03'06.79"E 222 m AMSL * FTAZ - Taverny 49°02'02.88"N 02°13'45.85"E 178 m AMSL * (fac - Paris Tail (2)- Sant Germain) 48°54'44.67"N 02°01'25.44"E 71 m AMSL * (fae - Paris Tail (2) - Extension (SHAPE) 48°50'34'19"N 02°06'14.30"E 178 m AMSL * (fa - Relais Paris - Emeville) FEMZ - Emeville 49°18'01.83"N 03°00'41.00"E 247 m AMSL * (faa - Paris Tail (1) - Laffaux) 49°27'15.05"N 03°24'57.39"E 143 m AMSL * (fad - Relay Paris - Rozoy Bellevalle) FRBZ - Rozoy Bellevalle 48°55'56.05"N 03°28'24.62"E 219 m AMSL * (FAS - Paris - Mont Aout) FAOZ - Paris South 48°46'14.78"N 03°53'25.33"E 216 m AMSL * (FA - Trier - Rohrbach) FROZ - Rohrbach 49°03'18.47"N 07°14'40.74"E 376 m AMSL * (fay - Trier Tail - Kindsbach) ABHZ - Kindsbach 49°23'48.11"N 07°35'38.32"E 458 m AMSL * (FC - Lyon - Pierre sur Haute) FLYZ - Lyon 45°39'11.52"N 03°48'33.07"E 1632 m AMSL * (FD - Nice - Signal de la Chens) FNIZ - Nice 43°44'53.67"N 06°39'44.85"E 1703 m AMSL ;AFCENT-Netherlands *HBRZ - Brunssum 50°56'19.11"N 05°58'35.60"E 95 m AMSL TX equipment 1S + 1R *HMAZ - Maastricht 50°50'25.05"N 05°39'33.78"E 82 m AMSL TX equipment 1S +2R ;AFCENT-Belgium *BADZ - Adinkerke *BCAZ - Casteau Supreme HQ Allied Powers Europe Pos 50°30'05.56"N 03°58'15.69"E 87 m AMSL TX Equipment 2S +2R *BCHZ - Chievres Pos 50°35'7.75"N 3°48'59.84"E TX Equipment 2S +2R *BFRZ - Baraque de Fraiture 50°15'07.94"N 05°43'56.13"E 654 m AMSL TX Equipment 3R ;AFCENT-Germany *ABHZ - Kindsbach 49°23'51.24"N 07°35'41.17"E 458 m ü. NN *(AA - Emden - Aurich) AEMZ - Aurich 53°30'32.04"N 07°26'34.83"E 10 m ü. NN *(AB - Moenchengladbach - Roetgen) ALAZ -Lammersdorf 50°39'57.59"N 06°17'14.58"E 593 m ü. NN *(abb - Moenchengladbach Tail (1) - Hehn) AHEZ - Hehn 51°10'51.44"N 06°23'37.77"E 81 m ü. NN *(aba - Moenchengladbach Tail (2) - Millen) 50°45'57.87"N 05°33'47.26"E 151 m ü. NN *(abc - Uedem) AUEZ - Uedem 51°39'39.08"N 06°16'58.97"E 47 m ü. NN *AFEZ - Feldberg 47°52'23.09"N 08°00'59.73"E 1458 m ü. NN ;AFSOUTH-Italy * IDGZ - Dosso dei Galli 45°51'13.66"N 10°22'32.28"E 2174 m AMSL * IVTZ - Verona Tail ( im West Star Bunker ) 45°33'17.89"N 10°45'46.83"E 334 m AMSL * (IA - Livorno - Monte Giogo) IMXZ - Livorno 44°19'17.38"N 10°07'30.94"E 1496 m AMSL * (IAZ - Cavriana - Monte Bosco Scuro) IMBZ - Cavriana 45°21'00.79"N 10°37'01.46"E 189 m AMSL * (iaa - Verona Torre 4) 45°27'11.35"N 11°00'30.55"E 164 m AMSL * (IAY - Lame - Cavanella) ICEZ - Lame Concordia 45°44'55.99"N 12°52'08.75"E 7 m AMSL * (iax - Aviano) IAVZ - Aviano 46°01'23.02"N 12°35'34.19"E 99 m AMSL * (IB - Rome - Tolfa) ITLZ - Rome 42°09'01.76"N 11°54'32.73"E 621 m AMSL * (iba - Rome Tail - Monte Cavo) IMCZ - Monte Cavo 41°45'04.86"N 12°42'31.03"E 930 m AMSL * (IC - Naples - Ischia - Punta Fetto) IICZ - Naples 40°35'50.88"N 13°54'08.54"E 639 m AMSL * (ica - Naples Tail - Monte Pecorara) IPEZ - Monte Petrino 41°13'24.29"N 13°57'57.75"E 335 m AMSL * (icy - Monte Vergine) IMNZ - Monte Nardello 40°56'33.27"N 14°43'07.28"E 1516 m AMSL * (icz - Monte Vulture) IVUZ - Monte Vulture 40°57'03.12"N 15°38'10.75"E 1301 m AMSL * (icv - Monte Iacontenente) IIAZ - Monte Iacontenente * (icf - Pietra Ficcata) IPFZ - Pietra Ficcata 40°34'04.90"N 16°19'21.31"E 586 m AMSL * (icw - Martina Franca) IAMZ - Martina Franca * (ID - Catanzaro - Monte Mancuso) IMMZ - Catanzaro 39°01'09.13"N 16°13'32.02"E 1319 m AMSL * (IDA - Monte Lauro - Cozzo tre Grotte) ICCZ - Monte Lauro 37°06'52.13"N 14°51'18.96"E 944 m AMSL ; AFSOUTH-Malta * (idb - Malta - Gharghur) IDBZ - Malta - Gharghur ; AFSOUTH-Greece *(GA - Kefallina) > GKFZ - Kefallonia 38°10'11.18"N 20°37'08.53"E 1001 m AMSL *(GB - Athens - Pendelikon) > GPKZ - Athens 38°04'50.46"N 23°52'58.14"E 1038 m AMSL *(GBZ - Crete - Ziros) > GZIZ - Ziros 35°03'53.52"N 26°09'14.24"E 786 m AMSL *(GBY - Larissa - Phillon) > GPIZ - Phillon 39°25'22.75N 23°03'11.54"E 1513 m AMSL *(GBW - Vitsi) > GVIZ - Vitzi 40°38'43.34"N 21°23'11.07"E 2009 m AMSL *(GBV - Ismaros) > GISZ - Ismaros 40°53'34.67"N 25°32'56.06"E 612 m AMSL ;AFSOUTH-Turkey *(TA - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes) > TBPZ - Izmir - Bespinar Tepes 38°18'48.72"N 27°01'29.89"E 964 m AMSL *(taa - Izmir Tail) > TKYZ - Izmir Tail *(TB - Eskisehir) > TKUZ - Eskishir - Kutahya Dagi 39°25'03.25"N 29°51'19.07"E 1820 m AMSL *(tba - Eskirsehir Tail) > TESZ - Eskirsehir Tail *(TC - Ankara) > TEDZ - Ankara - Elan Dagi 39°48'20.59"N 32°59'32.27"E 1856 m AMSL *(TCK - Merzifon) > TKJZ - Merzifon *(TCW - Persembe) > TPEZ - Persembe *(TCV - Pazar) > TPAZ - Pazar *(TD - Siwas - Pinarbasi) > TPIZ - Pinarbasi 38°40'38.09"N 36°24'10.59"E 2285 m AMSL *(TG - Adana) > TDDZ - Davudi Dağı 36°49'39.37"N 35°38'18.66"E 515 m AMSL *(tga - Adana Tail) > TDAZ - Adana Tail *(TE - Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi) > TDIZ > Dyarbakir - Karaka Dagi *(tea - Dyarbakir Tail) > TDEZ - Dyarbakir Tail * Bloatli, Turkey ;AFSOUTH-Cyprus *(TCZ - Cap Greco) > JCGZ -Cavo Greko 34°58'00.85"N 34°04'11.41"E 62 m AMSL ;Equipment usedOperator's, Organizational, Direct Support, General Support, and Depot Maintenance TM's 11-5820-203-15 and 11-5840-401-12 Initially 60, 30 or 15 ft dish or billboard type antennas have been used in combination with

General Electric General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate founded in 1892, and incorporated in New York state and headquartered in Boston. The company operated in sectors including healthcare, aviation, power, renewable energ ...

RCA The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919. It was initially a patent trust owned by General Electric (GE), Westinghouse, AT&T Corporation and United Fruit Comp ...

AN/MRC80 TRC24; AN/FRC-75 or 39 radio sets. Later being replaced by newer

Siemens & Halske Siemens & Halske AG (or Siemens-Halske) was a German electrical engineering company that later became part of Siemens. It was founded on 12 October 1847 as ''Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske'' by Werner von Siemens and Johann Geo ...

EM 120/400 and 12/800 types. The type and beaming angle of the antennas depended of the local site position and its distance to the next relays.

References

{{reflist

External links

History and detailsWebsite by Gerrit Padberg and Roger CamperiItalian Website
Telecommunications equipment of the Cold War Military radio systems 1956 introductions NATO installations in the United Kingdom NATO installations in Germany NATO installations in Norway NATO installations in Italy NATO installations in Belgium Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom 1956 in international relations Highband Tropospheric scatter systems